The long twentieth century in China and Taiwan has seen both a dramatic process of state-driven secularization and modernization and a vigorous revival of contemporary religious life. Chinese Religiosities explores the often vexed relationship between the modern Chinese state and religious practice. The essays in this comprehensive, multidisciplinary collection cover a wide range of traditions, including Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, Confucianism, Protestantism, Falungong, popular religion, and redemptive societies.

Acknowledgments vii

Introduction 1

PART I. RELIGIOUS APPROACHES TO CITIZENSHIP: THE TRAFFIC BETWEEN RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THE SECULAR NATIONAL ORDER

1. Religion and Citizenship in China and the Diaspora

2. Redeploying Confucius: The Imperial State Dreams of the Nation, 1902-1911

PART II. STATE DISCOURSE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES

3. Ritual Competition and the Modernizing Nation-State

4. Heretical Doctrines, Reactionary Secret Societies, Evil Cults: Labeling Heterodoxy in Twentieth-Century China

5. Animal Spirits, Karmic Retribution, Falungong, and the State

6. Christianity and "Adaptation to Socialism"

7. Islam and Modernity in China: Secularization or Separatism?

PART III. THE REINVENTION AND CONTROL OF RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS

8. Republican Church Engineering: The National Religious Associations in 1912 China

9. Secularization as Religious Restructuring: Statist Institutionalization of Chinese Buddhism and Its Paradoxes

10. State Control of Tibetan Buddhist Monasticism in the People's Republic of China

PART IV. TAIWAN AND TRANSNATIONAL CHINESE RELIGIOSITY

11. Religious Renaissance and Taiwan's Modern Middle Classes

12. Goddess across the Taiwan Strait: Matrifocal Ritual Space, Nation-State, and Satellite Television Footprints

Notes 349

Bibliography 377

Glossary and Chinese Proper Names 437

Contributors 451

Index